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United States Army Rangers | |
---|---|
Active | 17th century – present |
Country | United States of America |
Allegiance | United States of America |
Branch | United States Army |
Type | Light infantry |
Role | Special operations |
Garrison/HQ | Fort Benning, Georgia Fort Lewis, Washington Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia |
Motto(s) | Sua Sponte (Of Their Own Accord): (75th Ranger Regiment) Rangers Lead the Way: (Army Ranger-qualified soldiers) |
Engagements | World War II Korean War Vietnam War Operation Eagle Claw Grenada Panama Persian Gulf War Operation Gothic Serpent Kosovo War Iraq War War in Afghanistan |
The United States Army Rangers are designated U.S. Army Ranger units, past or present, or are graduates of the U.S. Army Ranger School.[1] The term ranger has been in use unofficially in a military context since the early 17th century. The first military company officially commissioned as rangers were English soldiers fighting in King Philip's War (1676) and from there the term came into common official use in the French and Indian Wars. There have been American military companies officially called Rangers since the American Revolution.
The 75th Ranger Regiment is an elite airbornelight infantry combat formation within the United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC). The six battalions of the modern Rangers have been deployed in wars in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq, and saw action in several conflicts, such as those in Panama and Grenada. The Ranger Regiment traces its lineage to three of six battalions raised in World War II, and to the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional)—known as 'Merrill's Marauders', and then reflagged as the 475th Infantry, then later as the 75th Infantry.
The Ranger Training Brigade (RTB)—headquartered at Fort Benning—is an organization under the U.S. Army's Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) and is separate from the 75th Ranger Regiment. It has been in service in various forms since World War II. The Ranger Training Brigade administrates Ranger School, the satisfactory completion of which is required to become Ranger qualified and to wear the Ranger Tab.
- 6World War II
- 14Notable Rangers
Colonial period[edit]
Colonel Benjamin Church (1639-1718) from the Plymouth Colony, father of American Ranging
Rangers served in the 17th and 18th-century wars between colonists and Native American tribes. The British regulars were not accustomed to frontier warfare and so Ranger companies were developed. Rangers were full-time soldiers employed by colonial governments to patrol between fixed frontier fortifications in reconnaissance providing early warning of raids. In offensive operations, they were scouts and guides, locating villages and other targets for taskforces drawn from the militia or other colonial troops.
In Colonial America, 'The earliest mention of Ranger operations comes from Capt. John 'Samuel' Smith,' who wrote in 1622, 'When I had ten men able to go abroad, our common wealth was very strong: with such a number I ranged that unknown country 14 weeks.'[2] Robert Black also stated that,
In 1622, after the Berkeley Plantation Massacre ... grim-faced men went forth to search out the Indian enemy. They were militia—citizen soldiers—but they were learning to blend the methods of Indian and European warfare...As they went in search of the enemy, the words range, ranging and Ranger were frequently used ... The American Ranger had been born.[3]
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The father of American ranging is Colonel Benjamin Church (c. 1639–1718).[4] He was the captain of the first Ranger force in America (1676).[4]:33 Church was commissioned by the Governor of the Plymouth ColonyJosiah Winslow to form the first ranger company for King Philip's War. He later employed the company to raid Acadia during King William's War and Queen Anne's War.
Benjamin Church designed his force primarily to emulate Native American patterns of war. Toward this end, Church endeavored to learn to fight like Native Americans from Native Americans.[4]:35 Americans became rangers exclusively under the tutelage of the Indian allies. (Until the end of the colonial period, rangers depended on Indians as both allies and teachers.)[4]:34–35
Church developed a special full-time unit mixing white colonists selected for frontier skills with friendly Native Americans to carry out offensive strikes against hostile Native Americans in terrain where normal militia units were ineffective. His memoirs Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's War is considered the first American military manual (published 1716).[citation needed]
Under Church served the father and grandfather of two famous rangers of the eighteenth century: John Lovewell and John Gorham respectively.[4]:38 John Lovewell served during Dummer's War (also known as Lovewell's War). He lived in present-day Nashua, New Hampshire. He fought in Dummer's War as a militia captain, leading three expeditions against the Abenaki Indians. John Lovewell became the most famous Ranger of the eighteenth century.[4]:50
During King George's War, John Gorham established 'Gorham's Rangers'. Gorham's company fought on the frontier at Acadia and Nova Scotia. Gorham was commissioned a captain in the regular British Army in recognition of his outstanding service. He was the first of three prominent American rangers–himself, his younger brother Joseph Gorham and Robert Rogers—to earn such commissions in the British Army. (Many others, such as George Washington, were unsuccessful in their attempts to achieve a British rank.)[4]:76
Rogers' Rangers was established in 1751[5] by Major Robert Rogers, who organized nine Ranger companies in the American colonies. These early American light infantry units, organized during the French and Indian War, bore the name 'Rangers' and were the forerunners of the modern Army Rangers. Major Rogers drafted the first currently-known set of standard orders for rangers. These rules, Robert Rogers' 28 'Rules of Ranging', are still provided to all new Army Rangers upon graduation from training, and served as one of the first modern manuals for asymmetric warfare.
American Revolution[edit]
When the American Revolution began, Major Robert Rogers allegedly offered his services to General George Washington.[citation needed] Fearing that Rogers was a spy, Washington refused. An incensed Rogers instead joined forces with the Loyalists, raised the Queen's Rangers, and fought for the Crown. While serving with the British, Col. Rogers was responsible for capturing America's most famous spy in Nathan Hale. Not all of Rogers' Rangers went with him, however, including such notable figures as Israel Putnam.[citation needed]Later on during the war, General Washington ordered Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton to select an elite group of men for reconnaissance missions. This unit was known as Knowlton's Rangers, and is credited as the first official Ranger unit (by name) for the United States. This unit, however, carried out intelligence functions rather than combat functions in most cases, and as such are not generally considered the historical parent of the modern day Army Rangers. Instead, Knowlton's Rangers gave rise to the modern Military Intelligence branch (although it was not a distinct branch until the 20th century).[citation needed]
Francis Marion, the 'Swamp Fox' Revolutionary commander of South Carolina, developed irregular methods of warfare against the British army. As one of the fathers of modern guerrilla warfare, he is credited in the lineage of the Army Rangers, as is George Rogers Clark who led an irregular force of Kentucky/Virginia militiamen to capture the British forts at Vincennes, Indiana and Kaskaskia, Illinois.
War of 1812[edit]
In January 1812 the United States authorized six companies of United States Rangers who were mounted infantry with the function of protecting the Western frontier. Five of these companies were raised in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky. A sixth was in Middle Tennessee, organized by Capt. David Mason.[6] The next year, 10 new companies were raised. By December 1813 the Army Register listed officers of 12 companies of Rangers.[7] The Ranger companies were discharged in June 1815.
Black Hawk War[edit]
During the Black Hawk War, in 1832, the Battalion of Mounted Rangers, an early version of the cavalry in the U.S. Army was created out of frontiersmen who enlisted for one year and provided their own rifles and horses. The battalion was organized into six companies of 100 men each that was led by Major Henry Dodge. After their enlistment expired there was no creation of a second battalion.[8] Instead, the battalion was reorganized into the 1st Dragoon Regiment.
Civil War[edit]
Several units that were named and functioned similarly to Rangers fought in the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865, such as the Loudoun Rangers that consisted of Quaker and German farmers from northern Loudoun County.[9] They were founded by Captain Samuel C. Means, a Virginian refugee who was approached by Washington to form two detachments on June 20, 1862.[9] The Loudoun Rangers conducted periodic raids in Loudoun, Clarke and Jefferson counties. Military historian Darl L. Stephenson stated that a unit called the Blazer's Scouts were also a precursor to Army Rangers during the Civil War.[10] Aside from conducting similar irregular warfare on Confederate forces in Richmond, Mississippi and Tennessee, its members were also descendants of the first ranger groups, organized by Robert Rogers in the French and Indian War.[10] The Blazer's Scouts were instrumental in fighting off other irregular forces such as partisan bushwhackers and Mosby's Rangers, another unit of Rangers that fought for the Confederacy.[11][12]
World War II[edit]
Major General Lucian Truscott of the U.S. Army was a liaison officer with the British General Staff. In 1942 he submitted a proposal to General George Marshall that an American unit be set up 'along the lines of the British Commandos'.
European theater[edit]
World War II 'lozenge' patch
On June 19, 1942 the 1st Ranger Battalion was sanctioned, recruited, and began training in Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland.[13] Eighty percent of the original Rangers came from the 34th Infantry Division.
A select fifty or so of the first U.S. Rangers were dispersed through the British Commandos for the Dieppe Raid in August 1942; these were the first American soldiers to see ground combat in the European theater.
Together with the ensuing 3rd and 4th Ranger Battalions they fought in North Africa and Italy commanded by Colonel William Orlando Darby until the Battle of Cisterna (29 January 1944) when most of the Rangers of the 1st and 3rd Battalions were captured. Of the 767 men in the battalions 761 were killed or captured. The remaining Rangers were absorbed into the Canadian-American First Special Service Force under Brigadier General Robert T. Frederick. They were then instrumental in operations in and around the Anzio beachhead that followed Operation Shingle.[14]
D-Day, Pointe du Hoc
The 29th Ranger Battalion was a temporary unit made of selected volunteers from the 29th Infantry Division that was in existence from December 1942 to November 1943.
Before the 5th Ranger Battalion landing on Dog White sector on Omaha Beach, during the Invasion of Normandy, the 2nd Ranger Battalion scaled the 90-foot (27 m) cliffs of Pointe du Hoc, a few miles to the west, to destroy a five-gun battery of captured French Canon de 155 mm GPF guns. The gun positions were empty on the day and the weapons had been removed some time before to allow the construction of casements in their place. (One of the gun positions was destroyed by the RAF in May—prior to D-day—leaving 5 missing guns).[15] Under constant fire during their climb, they encountered only a small company of Germans on the cliffs and subsequently discovered a group of field artillery weapons in trees some 1,000 yards (910 m) to the rear. The guns were disabled and destroyed, and the Rangers then cut and held the main road for two days before being relieved. All whilst being reinforced by members of the 5th Ranger Battalion who arrived at 6pm on the 6th of June from Omaha Beach. More 5th Ranger units arrived by sea on the 7th of June when some of their wounded along with German prisoners were taken away to the waiting ships.[16]
Currently no memorial exists at Pointe du Hoc to commemorate the actions of the 5th Rangers at Pointe du Hoc—only one to the members of the 2nd Battalion. However, the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) have said that they will correct this error in the near future. The 5th Rangers along with members of the 2nd Btn (with 2 × 75 mm mobile half tracks) then went on to attack the Maisy battery which was still firing on both Omaha and Utah beaches. The 23 members of the 5th Battalion who reached and re-enforced the 2nd Battalion men at Pointe du Hoc on the 6th of June won the Presidential Unit Citation for the 5th Rangers—for the 'Deepest penetration of any combat unit on D-day'.[citation needed] Major Richard Sullivan (officer commanding) won the Distinguished Service Cross for three actions in Normandy: the landings on Omaha Beach, the relief of Point du Hoc and the successful capture of the Maisy Battery.
Pacific theater[edit]
Rangers en route to liberate allied soldiers in the Cabanatuan POW camp
Two separate Ranger units fought the war in the Pacific Theater. The 98th Field Artillery Battalion was formed on 16 December 1940 and activated at Fort Lewis in January 1941. On 26 September 1944, they were converted from field artillery to light infantry and became 6th Ranger Battalion. 6th Ranger Battalion led the invasion of the Philippines and executed the raid on the Cabanatuan POW camp.[17][18] They continued fighting in the Philippines until they were deactivated on 30 December 1945, in Japan.
After the first Quebec Conference, the 5307th Composite Unit (provisional) was formed with Frank Merrill as the commander, its 2,997 officers and men became popularly known as Merrill's Marauders. They began training in India on 31 October 1943. Much of the Marauders training was based on Major General Orde Wingate of the British Army who specialized in deep penetration raids behind Japanese lines. The 5307th Composite Group was composed of the six color-coded combat teams that would become part of modern Ranger heraldry, they fought against the Japanese during the Burma Campaign. In February 1944, the Marauders began a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) march over the Himalayan mountain range and through the Burmesejungle to strike behind the Japanese lines. By March, they had managed to cut off Japanese forces in Maingkwan and cut their supply lines in the Hukawng Valley. On 17 May, the Marauders and Chinese forces captured the Myitkyina airfield, the only all-weather airfield in Burma. For their actions, every member of the unit received the Bronze Star.[19]
Motto[edit]
On 6 June 1944, during the assault landing on Dog White sector of Omaha Beach as part of the invasion of Normandy, then-Brigadier General Norman Cota (assistant CO of the 29th ID) approached Major Max Schneider, CO of the 5th Ranger Battalion and asked 'What outfit is this?', Schneider answered '5th Rangers, Sir!' To this, Cota replied 'Well, goddamnit, if you're Rangers, lead the way!' From this, the Ranger motto—'Rangers lead the way!'—was born.[20]
Korean War[edit]
At the outbreak of the Korean War, a unique Ranger unit was formed. Led by Second LieutenantRalph Puckett, the Eighth Army Ranger Company was created in August 1950. It served as the role model for the rest of the soon to be formed Ranger units. Instead of being organized into self-contained battalions, the Ranger units of the Korean and Vietnam eras were organized into companies and then attached to larger units, to serve as organic special operations units.
In total, sixteen additional Ranger companies were formed in the next seven months: Eighth Army Raider Company and First through Fifteenth Ranger Company. The Army Chief of Staff assigned the Ranger training program at Fort Benning to Colonel John Gibson Van Houten. The program eventually split to include a training program located in Korea. 3rd Ranger Company and the 7th Ranger Company were tasked to train new Rangers.[21]
The next four Ranger companies were formed 28 October 1950. Soldiers from the 505th Airborne Regiment and the 82nd Airborne's 80th Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion volunteered and, after initially being designated the 4th Ranger Company, became the 2nd Ranger Company—the only all-black Ranger unit in United States history. After the four companies had begun their training, they were joined by the 5th–8th Ranger companies on 20 November 1950.
During the course of the war, the Rangers patrolled and probed, scouted and destroyed, attacked and ambushed the Communist Chinese and North Korean enemy. The 1st Rangers destroyed the 12th North Korean Division headquarters in a daring night raid. The 2nd and 4th Rangers made a combat airborne assault near Munsan where Life Magazine reported that Allied troops were now patrolling north of the 38th Parallel. Crucially, the 2nd Rangers plugged the gap made by the retreating Allied forces, the 5th Ranger Company helped stop the Chinese 5th Phase Offensive. As in World War II, after the Korean War, the Rangers were disbanded.
Vietnam War[edit]
Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (LRRP) and Long Range Patrol companies (commonly known as Lurps) were formed by the U.S. Army in the early 1960s in West Germany to provide small, heavily armed reconnaissance teams to patrol deep in enemy-held territory in case of war with the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies.[22][23]
April 7, 1968. Company E LRP team at LZ Stud awaiting Khe Sanh patrol
In Vietnam LRRP platoons and companies were attached to every brigade and division where they perfected the art of long-range patrolling.[22] Since satellite communications were a thing of the future, one of the most daring long-range penetration operations of the Vietnam War was launched on April 19, 1968, by members of the 1st Air Cavalry Division's, Company E, 52nd Infantry (LRP), (redesignated Co. H, Ranger), against the NVA when they seized 'Signal Hill' the name attributed to the peak of Dong Re Lao Mountain, a densely forested 4,879-foot (1,487 m) mountain, midway in A Shau Valley, so the 1st and 3rd Brigades, slugging it out hidden deep behind the towering wall of mountains, could communicate with Camp Evans near the coast or with approaching aircraft.[24]
On 1 January 1969, under the new U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS), these units were redesignated 'Ranger' in South Vietnam within the 75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger) and all replacement personnel were mandatory airborne qualified.[25][26] Fifteen companies of Rangers were raised from 'Lurp' units—which had been performing missions in Europe since the early 1960s and in Vietnam since 1966. The genealogy of this new Regiment was linked to Merrill's Marauders.[27] The Rangers were organized as independent companies: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O and P, with one notable exception, since 1816, U.S. Army units have not included a Juliet or 'J' company, (the reason for this is because, in olden times, the letter 'J' looked too similar to the letter 'I').[28] Companies A and B were respectively assigned to V Corps at Fort Hood, Texas, and VII Corps at Fort Lewis, Washington.[26]
In addition to scouting and reconnoitering roles for their parent formations, Ranger units provided terrain-assessment and tactical or special security missions; undertook recovery operations to locate and retrieve prisoners of war; captured enemy soldiers for interrogation and intelligence-gathering purposes; tapped North Vietnamese Army and Vietcong wire communications lines in their established base areas along the Ho Chi Minh trail; and mined enemy trails as well as motor-vehicle transport routes.[29] To provide tactical skills and patrol expertise all LRRP/Ranger team leaders and most assistant team leaders were graduates of the 5th Special Forces Group Recondo School at Nha Trang Vietnam.[22]
Ranger School[edit]
Ranger students in their final week of U.S. Army Ranger School
Ranger training began in September 1950 at Fort Benning Georgia 'with the formation and training of 17 Airborne Companies by the Ranger Training Command'.[30] The first class graduated from Ranger training in November 1950.'[31] The United States Army's Infantry School officially established the Ranger Department in December 1951. Under the Ranger Department, the first Ranger School Class was conducted in January–March 1952, with a graduation date of 1 March 1952. Its duration was 59 days.[32]:28–29 At the time, Ranger training was voluntary.
In 1966, a panel headed by General Ralph E. Haines, Jr. recommended making Ranger training mandatory for all Regular Army officers upon commissioning. 'On 16 August 1966, the Chief of Staff of the Army, General Harold K. Johnson, directed it so.' This policy was implemented in July 1967. It was rescinded on 21 June 1972 by General William Westmoreland. Once again, Ranger training was voluntary.[32]:28–29 In August 1987, the Ranger Department was split from the Infantry School and the Ranger Training Brigade was established, commanded by Brigadier General (R) James Emory Mace.
The Ranger Companies that made up the Ranger Department became the current training units—the 4th, 5th and 6th Ranger Training Battalions.[32]:29 These units conduct the United States Army's Ranger School at various locations at Fort Benning, Georgia, Camp Frank Merrill, near Dahlonega, Georgia, and Camp James Rudder at Eglin Air Force Base's Auxiliary Field No. 6/Biancur Field, in northwest Florida. As of 2011, the school is 61 days in duration.
In August 2015, two women graduated from Ranger School; they were the '...first females to successfully complete the notoriously gruelling program'.[33]
Modern Ranger Regiment[edit]
75th Ranger Regiment Scroll
After the Vietnam War, division and brigade commanders determined that the U.S. Army needed an elite, rapidly deployable light infantry, so on January 31, 1974 General Creighton Abrams asked General Kenneth C. Leuer to activate, organize, train and command the first battalion sized Ranger unit since World War II. Initially, the 1st Ranger Battalion was constituted; because of its success, eight months later, October 1, 1974, the 2nd Ranger Battalion was constituted, and in 1984 the 3rd Ranger Battalion and their regimental headquarters were created.[34] In 1986, the 75th Ranger Regiment was formed and their military lineage formally authorized. The 75th Ranger Regiment, comprising three battalions, is the premier light-infantry of the U.S. Army, a combination of special operations and elite airborne light infantry. The regiment is a flexible, highly trained and rapid light infantry unit specialized to be employed against any special operations targets. All Rangers—whether they are in the 75th Ranger Regiment, or Ranger School, or both—are taught to live by the Ranger Creed. Primary tasks include: direct action, national and international emergency crisis response, airfield seizure, airborne & air assault operations, special reconnaissance, intelligence & counter intelligence, combat search and rescue, personnel recovery & hostage rescue, joint special operations, and counter terrorism.[35]
75th Ranger Regiment members
The 4th, 5th, and 6th Ranger Battalions were re-activated as the Ranger Training Brigade, the cadre of instructors of the contemporary Ranger School; moreover, because they are parts of a TRADOC school, the 4th, 5th, and 6th battalions are not a part of the 75th Ranger Regiment.
The Rangers have participated in numerous operations throughout modern history. In 1980, the Rangers were involved with Operation Eagle Claw, the 1980 second rescue attempt of American hostages in Tehran, Iran.[36] In 1983, the 1st and 2nd Ranger Battalions conducted Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada. All three Ranger battalions, with a headquarters element, participated in the U.S. invasion of Panama (Operation Just Cause) in 1989. In 1991 Bravo Company, the first platoon and Anti-Tank section from Alpha Company, 1st Battalion was deployed in the Persian Gulf War (Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield). Bravo Company, 3rd Ranger Battalion was the base unit of Task Force Ranger in Operation Gothic Serpent, in Somalia in 1993, concurrent with Operation Restore Hope. In 1994, soldiers from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Ranger Battalions deployed to Haiti (before the operation's cancellation. The force was recalled 5 miles (8.0 km) from the Haitian coast.). The 3rd Ranger Battalion supported the initial war effort in Afghanistan, in 2001. The Ranger Regiment has been involved in multiple deployments in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom since 2003.
War on Terror[edit]
Rangers from 1st Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, operating in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan, 13 February 2012
In response to the September 11 terrorist strikes, the United States launched the War on Terror with the invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001. Special operations units such as the Rangers, along with some CIA officers and Navy SEALs were the first U.S. forces on Afghan soil during Operation Enduring Freedom. This was the first large Ranger operation since the Battle of Mogadishu. The Rangers met with success during the invasion and, along with the other U.S. Special Operations forces, played an integral part in overthrowing the Taliban government. They also participated in the biggest firefight of Operation Anaconda in 2002 at Takur Ghar.[37]
In 2003, when the United States invaded Iraq, the Rangers were among those sent in. During the beginning of the war, they faced some of Iraq's elite Republican Guard units.[38] Rangers were also involved in the rescue of American prisoner of war POWPrivate First ClassJessica Lynch. The 75th Ranger Regiment has been one of the few units to have members continuously deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan.[39]
In January 2016, the Taliban handed over Canadian hostage Colin Rutherford to Rangers and the FBI after Qatar arranged a prisoner swap with the Afghan government.[40][41]
Ranger Creed[edit]
- Recognizing that I volunteered as a Ranger, fully knowing the hazards of my chosen profession, I will always endeavor to uphold the prestige, honor, and high esprit de corps of my Ranger Regiment.
- Acknowledging the fact that a Ranger is a more elite soldier who arrives at the cutting edge of battle by land, sea, or air, I accept the fact that as a Ranger my country expects me to move further, faster, and fight harder than any other soldier.
- Never shall I fail my comrades. I will always keep myself mentally alert, physically strong, and morally straight and I will shoulder more than my share of the task whatever it may be, one hundred percent and then some.
- Gallantly will I show the world that I am a specially selected and well trained soldier. My courtesy to superior officers, neatness of dress, and care of equipment shall set the example for others to follow.
- Energetically will I meet the enemies of my country. I shall defeat them on the field of battle for I am better trained and will fight with all my might. Surrender is not a Ranger word. I will never leave a fallen comrade to fall into the hands of the enemy and under no circumstances will I ever embarrass my country.
- Readily will I display the intestinal fortitude required to fight on to the Ranger objective and complete the mission, though I be the lone survivor.
- Rangers, lead the way.[42]
'Ranger'[edit]
Organizations both use and define the term 'Ranger' in different ways. For example, the annual Best Ranger Competition, hosted by the Ranger Training Brigade, the title 'Best Ranger' can be won by any Ranger qualified entrants from any unit in the U.S. military. For an individual to be inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Association's 'Ranger Hall of Fame' they 'must have served in a Ranger unit in combat or be a successful graduate of the U.S. Army Ranger School.' The Ranger Association further clarifies the type of unit: 'A Ranger unit is defined as those Army units recognized in Ranger lineage or history.'[1] Acceptance into the U.S. Army Ranger Association is limited to 'Rangers that have earned the U.S. Army Ranger tab, WWII Rangers, Korean War Rangers, Vietnam War Rangers, all Rangers that participated in Operations Urgent Fury, Just Cause, Desert Storm, Restore Hope, Enduring Freedom, and all Rangers who have served honorably for at least one year in a recognized Ranger unit.'[43]
Notable Rangers[edit]
Colonial period[edit]
- General John Stark - Commander, First New Hampshire Militia; coined phrase 'Live Free or Die'
American Revolution[edit]
- Thomas Knowlton - commander of Knowlton's Rangers; early American intelligence agent; the MICA Knowlton Award is named in his honor
- Francis Marion - the 'Swamp Fox' during the American Revolution; credited in the lineage of the United States Army Rangers; recognized as one of the fathers of modern guerrilla warfare
- Daniel Morgan - commander of the 11th Virginia Regiment, later called the Corps of Rangers and 'Morgan's Sharpshooters', during the American Revolution
World War II to present[edit]
- GEN John Abizaid – former Commander, United States Central Command, 2003–2007
- LTG David Barno – former Commander, Combined Forces Command-Afghanistan; former commander of 2nd Ranger Battalion
- COL Charles Alvin Beckwith – Ranger-qualified Airborne Infantry and Special Forces officer, the creator and first commanding officer of Delta Force; helped shape the modern Ranger School, transforming the Florida phase from a WW2-era to a modern-era training regimen
- GEN Wesley Clark – former Supreme Allied Commander in Europe; Democratic presidential candidate
- COL William Orlando Darby – established and commanded 'Darby's Rangers' that later evolved into the U.S. Army Rangers
- General Wayne A. Downing
- SFC Jason Everman – former member of the bands Nirvana and Soundgarden
- MSG Gary Gordon – Ranger and, ultimately, 1st SFOD-D sniper; Medal of Honor recipient; killed during the Battle of Mogadishu.[44]
- LTG David E. Grange, Jr. - namesake of the annual 'Best Ranger Competition'
- COL Charles N. Hunter- member of Unit Galahad, Merrill's Marauders, from the beginning as its ranking or second-ranking officer; commanded it during its times of greatest trial, and contributed to its record[45]
- Nicholas Irving - former sniper in the 3rd Ranger Battalion; served in Iraq and Afghanistan; noted for killing 33 enemy combatants in four months; regarded as one of the deadliest snipers in U.S. history
- Peter Kassig - aid worker, taken hostage and ultimately beheaded by the Islamic State[46]
- GEN William F. Kernan - 6th Colonel of the 75th Ranger Regiment
- CPT Kris Kristofferson - former Army Ranger; singer/songwriter; actor
- MG Paul LaCamera - Commander, 4th Infantry Division; former Commander, 75th Ranger Regiment (2005—2007)
- SFC Matt Larsen - 'father of the Modern Army Combatives system'; founder of the United States Army Combatives School; Director of Combatives United States Military Academy at West Point, NY.
- SP4 Robert D. Law - served in the Vietnam War, Medal of Honor recipient (posthumous)[47]
- MG Kenneth C. Leuer - reconstituted the first battalion sized Ranger unit in 1974; chairman of the National Ranger Memorial Foundation
- CSM Gary L. Littrell - Medal of Honor recipient
- BG James Emory Mace - recipient of Distinguished Service Cross (Vietnam); 2nd Ranger Battalion Commander and the first Commander of the Ranger Training Brigade; 15th Annual Ranger Hall of Fame inductee, 2007
- GEN Stanley A. McChrystal - former Commander, International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and U.S. Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A); former Director of the Joint Staff; former Commander of Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)
- MG Frank D. Merrill - led the 5307th CUP (Composite Unit [Provisional]) aka Merrill's Marauders during World War II
- COL Henry Mucci - led and trained the 6th Ranger Battalion, responsible for the Raid at Cabanatuan
- CPT Robert S. Mueller III, Second-longest serving FBI director in American history and Special Counsel in the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections; inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2016.[48]
- 1LT Kelly Perdew - winner of the second season of The Apprentice
- GEN David Petraeus - Commander of International Security Assistance Force ISAF; former Commander of CENTCOM; former commander of Multi-National Force – Iraq; former Director of the CIA
- MSG Leroy Petry - Army Ranger, 75th Regiment; Medal of Honor recipient[49]
- CPT Greg Plitt - fitness model and actor[50]
- GEN Colin Powell - former National Security Adviser; Commander, United States Army Forces Command; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; United States Secretary of State
- SSG Robert Pruden - served in the Vietnam War; Medal of Honor recipient (posthumous)[51]
- COL Ralph Puckett - Honorary Colonel of the 75th Ranger Regiment, 1996-2008
- SSG Laszlo Rabel - served in the Vietnam War, Medal of Honor recipient (posthumous)[51]
- CPT Jack Reed - U.S. Senator from Rhode Island
- T/Sgt.David Richardson - Ranger who served with Merrill's Marauders; led a prominent career as a journalist
- Col. John W. Ripley - first U.S. Marine to be inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame; awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism in destroying the Dong Ha bridge during the April 1972 North Vietnamese Easter Offensive
- MG James Earl Rudder - Commander of the 2nd Ranger Battalion during World War II; later president of Texas A&M University; led the Ranger assault on Pointe du Hoc on D-Day[52][53][circular reference]
- Perry Saturn - professional wrestler; real name Perry Satullo[54]
- SFC Randy Shughart – started his Army career as a Ranger; later selected for Delta Force; Medal of Honor recipient sniper; killed during the Battle of Mogadishu[55]
- COL Arthur D. Simons – Army Ranger in World War II; later leader of Operation Ivory Coast, an effort to rescue prisoners of war in Vietnam
- General Vijay Kumar Singh – former Chief of the Army Staff, Indian Army
- COL Michael D. Steele[55]
- Phil Stern – Hollywood and jazz photographer who joined Darby's Rangers as an official photographer during World War II
- Keni Thomas – former Army Ranger; country music singer
- Pat Tillman – American football player who left his professional career in the wake of the September 11 attacks; killed in action in a friendly fire incident in Afghanistan
- SGT Stephen Trujillo – 2d Ranger Battalion medic awarded the first Silver Star of the post-Vietnam era for gallantry in action during Operation Urgent Fury
- CPT Alejandro Villanueva – NFL player for the Pittsburgh Steelers; served in the 1st Ranger Battalion in Afghanistan
- Vincent Viola – former chairman of the New York Mercantile Exchange
- LTG Samuel V. Wilson – Chief Reconnaissance Officer and Intelligence & Reconnaissance Platoon Leader, 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional) (Merrill's Marauders); ultimately served as the Director, Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) before retiring as a Lieutenant General in 1977.[56]
Honors[edit]
75th Ranger Regiment Distinctive Unit Insignia
The 75th Ranger Regiment has been credited with numerous campaigns from World War II onwards. In World War II, they participated in 16 major campaigns, spearheading the campaigns in French Morocco, Sicily, Naples-Foggia, Anzio and Leyte. During the Vietnam War, they received campaign participation streamers for every campaign in the war.
In modern times, the regiment received streamers with arrowheads (denoting conflicts they spearheaded) for Grenada and Panama.
To date, the Rangers have earned six Presidential Unit Citations, nine Valorous Unit Awards, and four Meritorious Unit Commendations, the most recent of which were earned in Vietnam and Haditha, Iraq.
See also[edit]
- Army Ranger Wing (Ireland), modeled on U.S. Army Rangers
- Company F, 425th Infantry (Michigan NG Ranger)
References[edit]
- ^ ab'Ranger Hall of Fame'. U.S. Army Ranger Association. 2010. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
- ^Indian Narratives, 1854. Claremont, New Hampshire. Tracy and Brothers. pp. 262, 264, quoted in Black, Robert W. (2009). Ranger Dawn: the American Ranger from the Colonial Era to the Mexican War. Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp. 7–8. ISBN978-0-8117-3600-8.
- ^Black, Robert W. (2009). Ranger Dawn: the American Ranger from the Colonial Era to the Mexican War. Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp. 7–8. ISBN978-0-8117-3600-8.
- ^ abcdefgGrenier, John (2005). The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814. Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ISBN978-1-139-44470-5.
- ^Rankin, Nicholas (2008). Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception 1914–1945. Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. p. 454. ISBN978-0-8117-3600-8.
- ^Katcher, Philip (1990). The American War, 1812–1814. Osprey Publishing. p. 27. ISBN978-0-85045-197-9.
- ^Bryant, Russ; Bryant, Susan. Weapons of the U.S. Army Rangers. Zenith Imprint. p. 18. ISBN978-1-61060-084-2.
- ^Urwin, Gregory J. W. (1983). The United States Cavalry: An Illustrated History, 1776–1944. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN978-0-8061-3475-8.
- ^ abRichard E. Crouch. 'The Loudoun Rangers'. Loudon History.
- ^ abTom O'Brien. 'Blazer's Scouts picked away at Confederacy'. Washington Times. January 12, 2002
- ^Darl L. Stephenson. 'Broom of Destruction: Captain Blazer's Scouts'. West Virginia in the Civil War.
- ^Ownsbey, Betty J. Alias Paine: Lewis Thornton Powell, the Mystery Man of the Lincoln Conspiracy. McFarland (November 29, 2005). p. 24. ISBN978-0786425556
- ^Matthews, David (November 13, 2012). 'Andrew Jackson Cottage and US Ranger Centre, County Antrim'. BBC History Magazine. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
- ^Nadler, John (2006). A Perfect Hell: The True Story of the Black Devils, the True Forefathers of the Special Forces. Ballantine Books. ISBN978-0-7394-6504-2.
- ^'Birth of the United States Army Rangers'. 2nd Ranger Battalion, Fox Company Living History Group. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
- ^'Small Unit Actions'. American Forces in Action Series. Center of Military History, U.S. Army. 1982. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
- ^'Ranger Handbook', Ranger Training Brigade, United States Army Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia (2000) iii-2.
- ^Wilkinson, Stephen, 'Seven Most Daring Raids Ever: Army Rangers' Cabanatuan Rescue,' Military History, Oct./Nov. (2009) p.35.
- ^'Ranger Handbook', Ranger Training Brigade, United States Army Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia (2000) iii-2-3.
- ^Taylor, Thomas H.; Robert J. Martin (1996). Rangers, Lead the Way. Turner Publishing Company. p. 54. ISBN978-1-56311-182-2.
- ^'Ranger Handbook', Ranger Training Brigade, United States Army Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia (2000) iii-3-4.
- ^ abcAnkony, Robert C., Lurps: A Ranger's Diary of Tet, Khe Sanh, A Shau, and Quang Tri, revised ed., Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Lanham, MD (2009). [1]
- ^'V Corps Lurps, West Germany'. 75thrra.com.
- ^Ankony, Robert C., 'No Peace in the Valley,' Vietnam magazine, Oct. 2008, pp. 26–31.
- ^Lewis, Jon E., ed. (2004). The Mammoth Book of Special Forces: True Stories of the Fighting Elite Behind Enemy Lines. Philadelphia: Running Press. p. 398. ISBN978-0-7867-1427-8.
- ^ abVoyles, CSM James E., 'Vietnam Rangers (LRRP),' Gung-Ho magazine, Oct. 1984, pp.66–69.
- ^Johnson, Frank (2010). Diary of an Airborne Ranger: A LRRP's Year in the Combat Zone. Random House. p. 8. ISBN978-0-307-77509-2.
- ^Boatner, John M. (1976). Military Customs and Traditions. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- ^Stanton, Shelby, Rangers at War: Combat Recon in Vietnam, Presidio Press, 1992
- ^Ranger Training Brigade (13 April 2011). 'Ranger Training Brigade Brief'(PDF). United States Army. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
- ^'First Graduating Class'. Ranger School Graduation Gallery. United States Army. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
- ^ abcLock, J. D. (2004). The Coveted Black And Gold: A Daily Journey Through the U.S. Army Ranger School Experience. Wheatmark Inc. ISBN978-1-58736-368-9.
- ^'1st women to pass U.S. Army Ranger School gain foothold for followers'. CBC News. August 20, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
- ^McManners, Hugh (2006). Ultimate Special Forces: The Insiders Guide to the World's Most Deadly Commandos. New York: DK Publishing. p. 68. ISBN978-0-7566-1898-8.
- ^'Ranger Handbook', Ranger Training Brigade, United States Army Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia (2000) iii-4-6.
- ^'Ranger History'. Dept. of Military Science & Leadership The University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^The United States Army in Afghanistan: Operation Enduring Freedom. History.army.mil.
- ^3rd Battalion Retrieved July 13, 2016.
- ^75th Ranger Regiment Retrieved July 13, 2016.
- ^'American Woman and Family Held for 5 Years in Afghanistan Freed From Militants'. nytimes.com.
- ^'Navy SEALs Were Ready if Pakistan Failed to Free Family Held as Hostages'. nytimes.com.
- ^'Ranger Handbook: SH 21–76'(PDF). Ranger Training Brigade, United States Army. February 2011. p. inside cover. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^'Join USARA'. U.S. Army Ranger Association. 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
- ^'United States Army Rangers'. Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients. Find a Grave. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
- ^Ogburn, Charlton (1956). The Marauders. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 2.
- ^'Indianapolis native Peter Kassig named next ISIS target'. indystar.com.
- ^'Medal of Honor Recipients Vietnam (A-L)'. United States Army Center of Military History.
- ^'Ranger Hall of Fame Master List'(PDF). ranger.org. 11 March 2019.
- ^Calmes, Jackie (12 July 2011). 'Rare White House Ceremony for Medal of Honor'. The New York Times.
- ^Bio. Greg Plitt.
- ^ abMedal of Honor Recipients – Vietnam (M-Z). History.army.mil.
- ^https://corps.tamu.edu/major-general-james-earl-rudder-32/
- ^James Earl Rudder
- ^Strum, Phil (May 31, 2010). 'MEMORIAL DAY: Wrestlers who served in the military'. Poughkeepsie Journal. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ ab'The Men In The Battle: Where Are They Now?'. Seattle Times. February 9, 1998. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
- ^https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/samuel-v-wilson-army-lieutenant-general-and-spymaster-dies-at-93/2017/06/12/22ab5ec2-4f79-11e7-b064-828ba60fbb98_story.html
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Army Rangers. |
- A study of U.S. 2d Ranger Battalion's mission evolution since WWII (PDF, 269.13 KB)
- PassRanger.com – a resource for those preparing to attend the U.S. Army Ranger School
- 'Soldier Life', GoArmy.com
- The short film United States Army Rangers is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Rangers&oldid=902699604'
Human–robot interaction is the study of interactions between humans and robots. It is often referred as HRI by researchers. Human–robot interaction is a multidisciplinary field with contributions from human–computer interaction, artificial intelligence, robotics, natural language understanding, design, and social sciences.
- 3General HRI research
- 4Application Areas
- 5See also
- 7Conferences
Origins[edit]
Human–robot interaction has been a topic of both science fiction and academic speculation even before any robots existed. Because HRI depends on a knowledge of (sometimes natural) human communication, many aspects of HRI are continuations of human communications topics that are much older than robotics.
The origin of HRI as a discrete problem was stated by 20th-century author Isaac Asimov in 1941, in his novel I, Robot. He states the Three Laws of Robotics as,
“ |
| ” |
These three laws of robotics determine the idea of safe interaction. The closer the human and the robot get and the more intricate the relationship becomes, the more the risk of a human being injured rises. Nowadays in advanced societies, manufacturers employing robots solve this issue by not letting humans and robots share the workspace at any time. This is achieved by defining safe zones using lidar sensors or physical cages. Thus the presence of humans is completely forbidden in the robot workspace while it is working.
With the advances of artificial intelligence, the autonomous robots could eventually have more proactive behaviors, planning their motion in complex unknown environments. These new capabilities keep safety as the primary issue and efficiency as secondary. To allow this new generation of robot, research is being conducted on human detection, motion planning, scene reconstruction, intelligent behavior through task planning and compliant behavior using force control (impedance or admittance control schemes).
The goal of HRI research is to define models of humans' expectations regarding robot interaction to guide robot design and algorithmic development that would allow more natural and effective interaction between humans and robots. Research ranges from how humans work with remote, tele-operated unmanned vehicles to peer-to-peer collaboration with anthropomorphic robots.
Many in the field of HRI study how humans collaborate and interact and use those studies to motivate how robots should interact with humans.
The goal of friendly human–robot interactions[edit]
Kismet can produce a range of facial expressions.
Robots are artificial agents with capacities of perception and action in the physical world often referred by researchers as workspace. Their use has been generalized in factories but nowadays they tend to be found in the most technologically advanced societies in such critical domains as search and rescue, military battle, mine and bomb detection, scientific exploration, law enforcement, entertainment and hospital care.
These new domains of applications imply a closer interaction with the user. The concept of closeness is to be taken in its full meaning, robots and humans share the workspace but also share goals in terms of task achievement. This close interaction needs new theoretical models, on one hand for the robotics scientists who work to improve the robots utility and on the other hand to evaluate the risks and benefits of this new 'friend' for our modern society.
With the advance in AI, the research is focusing on one part towards the safest physical interaction but also on a socially correct interaction, dependent on cultural criteria. The goal is to build an intuitive, and easy communication with the robot through speech, gestures, and facial expressions.
Dautenhahn refers to friendly Human–robot interaction as 'Robotiquette' defining it as the 'social rules for robot behaviour (a ‘robotiquette’) that is comfortable and acceptable to humans'[1] The robot has to adapt itself to our way of expressing desires and orders and not the contrary. But every day environments such as homes have much more complex social rules than those implied by factories or even military environments. Thus, the robot needs perceiving and understanding capacities to build dynamic models of its surroundings. It needs to categorize objects, recognize and locate humans and further their emotions. The need for dynamic capacities pushes forward every sub-field of robotics.
Furthermore, by understanding and perceiving social cues, robots can enable collaborative scenarios with humans. For example, with the rapid rise of personal fabrication machines such as desktop 3d printers, laser cutters, etc., entering our homes, scenarios may arise where robots can collaboratively share control, co-ordinate and achieve tasks together. Industrial robots have already been integrated into industrial assembly lines and are collaboratively working with humans. The social impact of such robots have been studied [2] and has indicated that workers still treat robots and social entities, rely on social cues to understand and work together.
On the other end of HRI research the cognitive modelling of the 'relationship' between human and the robots benefits the psychologists and robotic researchers the user study are often of interests on both sides. This research endeavours part of human society. For effective human – humanoid robot interaction[3] numerous communication skills[4] and related features should be implemented in the design of such artificial agents/systems.
General HRI research[edit]
HRI research spans a wide range of fields, some general to the nature of HRI.
Methods for perceiving humans[edit]
Methods for perceiving humans in the environment are based on sensor information. Research on sensing components and software led by Microsoft provide useful results for extracting the human kinematics (see Kinect). An example of older technique is to use colour information for example the fact that for light skinned people the hands are lighter than the clothes worn. In any case a human modelled a priori can then be fitted to the sensor data. The robot builds or has (depending on the level of autonomy the robot has) a 3D mapping of its surroundings to which is assigned the humans locations.
Most methods intend to build a 3D model through vision of the environment. The proprioception sensors permit the robot to have information over its own state. This information is relative to a reference.
A speech recognition system is used to interpret human desires or commands. By combining the information inferred by proprioception, sensor and speech the human position and state (standing, seated). In this matter, Natural language processing is concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data. For instance, neural network architectures and learning algorithms that can be applied to various natural language processing tasks including part-of-speech tagging, chunking, named entity recognition, and semantic role labeling. [5]
Methods for motion planning[edit]
Motion planning in dynamic environment is a challenge that is for the moment only achieved for 3 to 10 degrees of freedom robots. Humanoid robots or even 2 armed robots that can have up to 40 degrees of freedom are unsuited for dynamic environments with today's technology. However lower-dimensional robots can use potential field method to compute trajectories avoiding collisions with human.
Cognitive models and theory of mind[edit]
Humans exhibit negative social and emotional responses as well as decreased trust toward some robots that closely, but imperfectly, resemble humans; this phenomenon has been termed the 'Uncanny Valley.'[6] However recent research in telepresence robots has established that mimicking human body postures and expressive gestures has made the robots likeable and engaging in a remote setting.[7] Further, the presence of a human operator was felt more strongly when tested with an android or humanoid telepresence robot than with normal video communication through a monitor.[8]
While there is a growing body of research about users' perceptions and emotions towards robots, we are still far from a complete understanding. Only additional experiments will determine a more precise model.
Based on past research, we have some indications about current user sentiment and behavior around robots:[9][10]
- During initial interactions, people are more uncertain, anticipate less social presence, and have fewer positive feelings when thinking about interacting with robots, and prefer to communicate with a human. This finding has been called the human-to-human interaction script.
- It has been observed that when the robot performs a proactive behaviour and does not respect a 'safety distance' (by penetrating the user space) the user sometimes expresses fear. This fear response is person-dependent.
- It has also been shown that when a robot has no particular use, negative feelings are often expressed. The robot is perceived as useless and its presence becomes annoying.
- People have also been shown to attribute personality characteristics to the robot that were not implemented in software.
Methods for human-robot coordination[edit]
A large body of work in the field of human-robot interaction has looked at how humans and robots may better collaborate. The primary social cue for humans while collaborating is the shared perception of an activity, to this end researchers have investigated anticipatory robot control through various methods including: monitoring the behaviors of human partners using eye tracking, making inferences about human task intent, and proactive action on the part of the robot.[11] The studies revealed that the anticipatory control helped users perform tasks faster than with reactive control alone.
A common approach to program social cues into robots is to first study human-human behaviors and then transfer the learning. For example, coordination mechanisms in human-robot collaboration[12] are based on work in neuroscience[13] which examined how to enable joint action in human-human configuration by studying perception and action in a social context rather than in isolation. These studies have revealed that maintaining a shared representation of the task is crucial for accomplishing tasks in groups. For example, the authors have examined the task of driving together by separating responsibilities of acceleration and braking i.e., one person is responsible for accelerating and the other for braking; the study revealed that pairs reached the same level of performance as individuals only when they received feedback about the timing of each other's actions. Similarly, researchers have studied the aspect of human-human handovers with household scenarios like passing dining plates in order to enable an adaptive control of the same in human-robot handovers.[14] Most recently, researchers have studied a system that automatically distributes assembly tasks among co-located workers to improve co-ordination.[15]
Application Areas[edit]
In addition to general HRI research, researchers are currently exploring application areas for human-robot interaction systems. Application-oriented research is used to help bring current robotics technologies to bear against problems that exist in today's society. While human-robot interaction is still a rather young area of interest, there is active development and research in many areas.[citation needed]
Assistance[edit]
Assistive robots are broadly defined as a helper or support for human users. Research on assistive robots includes rehabilitation robots, wheelchair robots and walking robots, companion robots, and educational robots.[16] These robots are widely used in a variety of settings, including schools, hospitals and homes. In the past, assistive robots mainly helped people through physical interaction. In recent years, the definition of assistive robots has gradually expanded. In addition to physical assistance, providing help in a non-contact social interaction has become an emerging direction.[citation needed]
Some researchers are also exploring how robots can be used to improve people's education, especially for children. In some specific areas, robots have proven to be more suitable for teaching than people.[17] Educational robots are used to teach social skills to children with autism (ASD). For children with ASD, robots are a more natural social partner than people. The results of the study show that interaction with the robot will allow children with ASD to accept conversations, dances, and play social activities more quickly. Expression of emotion is thought to be important during interaction between human and robots.[18] Some robots convey emotion by changing the surface texture.[19] And some robots can convey emotion in an intuitive and comfortable way with well-designed appearance and behaviors.[20]
Search and rescue[edit]
City Search and Rescue(USAR) is getting more and more important in HRI field. For example, using robots for rescue and recovery work after the collapse of the World Trade Center building.[21] In search and rescue operations, humans play the role of a supervisor, and robots are operators, such as humans giving instructions to search or remove heavy objects, and robots are responsible for executing these commands. The presence of robots greatly reduces the rescue risk of rescue workers. And the efficiency of cooperation between humans and robots is crucial to the success rate of search and rescue. Through groundbreaking government and academic efforts, USAR has developed into one of the most important areas of HRI.[citation needed]
Military and police[edit]
In military and police, human and robotic interactions also play a vital role. In military and police, humans act as commanders, and robots are responsible for information acquisition, bomb demolition and other tactical tasks.[22] The involvement of robots greatly enhances the ability to acquire information and the ability to counter-reconnaissance while performing tasks, thereby minimizing the risk of soldiers. In this process, the interaction between humans and robots has a great impact on the battlefield situation.[citation needed]
Other application areas include:
- Space exploration
- Field robotics
- Home and companion robotics
- Hospitality
- Rehabilitation and Elder Care
- Robot Assisted Therapy (RAT)
- UAV Reconnaissance and UUV Applications
See also[edit]
Robotics[edit]
Technology[edit]
Psychology[edit]
- Anthropomorphism and the uncanny valley
Properties[edit]
Bartneck and Okada[23] suggest that a robotic user interface can be described by the following four properties:
- Tool – toy scale
- Is the system designed to solve a problem effectively or is it just for entertainment?
- Remote control – autonomous scale
- Does the robot require remote control or is it capable of action without direct human influence?
- Reactive – dialogue scale
- Does the robot rely on a fixed interaction pattern or is it able to have dialogue — exchange of information — with a human?
- Anthropomorphism scale
- Does it have the shape or properties of a human?
Conferences[edit]
International Conference on Social Robotics[edit]
The International Conference on Social Robotics is a conference for scientists, researchers, and practitioners to report and discuss the latest progress of their forefront research and findings in social robotics, as well as interactions with human beings and integration into our society.
- ICSR2009, Incheon, Korea in collaboration with the FIRA RoboWorld Congress
- ICSR2010, Singapore
- ICSR2011, Amsterdam, Netherlands
International Conference on Human-Robot Personal Relationships[edit]
- HRPR2008, Maastricht
- HRPR 2009, Tilburg. Keynote speaker was Hiroshi Ishiguro.
- HRPR2010, Leiden. Keynote speaker was Kerstin Dautenhahn.
International Symposium on New Frontiers in Human-Robot Interaction[edit]
This symposium is organized in collaboration with the Annual Convention of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour.
- 2015, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- 2014, London, United Kingdom
- 2010, Leicester, United Kingdom
- 2009, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
IEEE International Symposium in Robot and Human Interactive Communication[edit]
The IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication ( RO-MAN ) was founded in 1992 by Profs. Toshio Fukuda, Hisato Kobayashi, Hiroshi Harashima and Fumio Hara. Early workshop participants were mostly Japanese, and the first seven workshops were held in Japan. Since 1999, workshops have been held in Europe and the United States as well as Japan, and participation has been of international scope.
ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction[edit]
This conference is amongst the best conferences in the field of HRI and has a very selective reviewing process. The average acceptance rate is 26% and the average attendance is 187. Around 65% of the contributions to the conference come from the US and the high level of quality of the submissions to the conference becomes visible by the average of 10 citations that the HRI papers attracted so far.[24]
- HRI 2006 in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.29
- HRI 2007 in Washington, D.C., USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.23
- HRI 2008 in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Acceptance Rate: 0.36 (0.18 for oral presentations)
- HRI 2009 in San Diego, CA, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.19
- HRI 2010 in Osaka, Japan, Acceptance Rate: 0.21
- HRI 2011 in Lausanne, Switzerland, Acceptance Rate: 0.22 for full papers
- HRI 2012 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.25 for full papers
- HRI 2013 in Tokyo, Japan, Acceptance Rate: 0.24 for full papers
- HRI 2014 in Bielefeld, Germany, Acceptance Rate: 0.24 for full papers
- HRI 2015 in Portland, Oregon, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.25 for full papers
- HRI 2016 in Christchurch, New Zealand, Acceptance Rate: 0.25 for full papers
- HRI 2017 in Vienna, Austria, Acceptance Rate: 0.24 for full papers
- HRI 2018 in Chicago, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.24 for full papers
International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction[edit]
- HAI 2013 in Sapporo, Japan
- HAI 2014 in Tsukuba, Japan
- HAI 2015 in Daegu, Korea
- HAI 2016 in Singapore
- HAI 2017 in Bielefeld, Germany
Related conferences[edit]
There are many conferences that are not exclusively HRI, but deal with broad aspects of HRI, and often have HRI papers presented.
- IEEE-RAS/RSJ International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids)
- Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp)
- IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
- Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI)
- Computer Human Interaction (CHI)
- American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)
- INTERACT
Related journals[edit]
There are currently two dedicated HRI Journals
- International Journal of Social Robotics
- The open access Journal of Human-Robot Interaction
and there are several more general journals in which one will find HRI articles.
- Entertainment Robotics Section of the Entertainment Computing Journal
- Interaction Studies Journal
Footnotes[edit]
- ^Dautenhahn, Kerstin (29 April 2007). 'Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human–robot interaction'. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 362 (1480): 679–704. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.2004. PMC2346526. PMID17301026.
- ^Sauppé, Allison; Mutlu, Bilge (2015). 'The Social Impact of a Robot Co-Worker in Industrial Settings'. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '15. pp. 3613–3622. doi:10.1145/2702123.2702181. ISBN978-1-4503-3145-6.
- ^Human-Robot Interaction.
- ^Bubaš, Goran; Lovrenčić, Alen (2002). Implications of interpersonal communication competence research on the design of artificial behavioral systems that interact with humans. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems - INES 2002.
- ^Collobert, Ronan; Weston, Jason; Bottou, Léon; Karlen, Michael; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Kuksa, Pavel (2011). Natural Language Processing (Almost) from Scratch. OCLC963993063.
- ^Mathur, Maya B.; Reichling, David B. (2016). 'Navigating a social world with robot partners: a quantitative cartography of the Uncanny Valley'. Cognition. 146: 22–32. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.008. PMID26402646.
- ^Adalgeirsson, Sigurdur; Breazeal, Cynthia (2010). MeBot: A Robotic Platform for Socially Embodied Presence(pdf). Hri '10. pp. 15–22. ISBN9781424448937.
- ^Sakamoto, Daisuke; Kanda, Takayuki; Ono, Tetsuo; Ishiguro, Hiroshi; Hagita, Norihiro (2007). 'Android as a telecommunication medium with a human-like presence'. Proceeding of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction - HRI '07. p. 193. doi:10.1145/1228716.1228743. ISBN978-1-59593-617-2.
- ^Spence, Patric R.; Westerman, David; Edwards, Chad; Edwards, Autumn (July 2014). 'Welcoming Our Robot Overlords: Initial Expectations About Interaction With a Robot'. Communication Research Reports. 31 (3): 272–280. doi:10.1080/08824096.2014.924337.
- ^Edwards, Chad; Edwards, Autumn; Spence, Patric R.; Westerman, David (21 December 2015). 'Initial Interaction Expectations with Robots: Testing the Human-To-Human Interaction Script'. Communication Studies. 67 (2): 227–238. doi:10.1080/10510974.2015.1121899.
- ^Anticipatory Robot Control for Efficient Human-Robot Collaboration(pdf). Hri '16. 2016. pp. 83–90. ISBN9781467383707.
- ^Coordination mechanisms in human-robot collaboration. Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-robot Interaction. 2013. CiteSeerX10.1.1.478.3634.
- ^Sebanz, Natalie; Bekkering, Harold; Knoblich, Günther (February 2006). 'Joint action: bodies and minds moving together'. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 10 (2): 70–76. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.009.
- ^Huang, Chien-Ming; Cakmak, Maya; Mutlu, Bilge (2015). Adaptive Coordination Strategies for Human-Robot Handovers(PDF). Robotics: Science and Systems.
- ^'WeBuild: Automatically Distributing Assembly Tasks Among Collocated Workers to Improve Coordination'(PDF). 2017.
- ^Bemelmans, Roger; Gelderblom, Gert Jan; Jonker, Pieter; de Witte, Luc (February 2012). 'Socially Assistive Robots in Elderly Care: A Systematic Review into Effects and Effectiveness'. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 13 (2): 114–120.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.10.002. PMID21450215.
- ^Yeo, Song Huat; Chen, I.-Ming; Tzuo, Pei-Wen; Causo, Albert; Toh, Lai Poh Emily (2016). 'A Review on the Use of Robots in Education and Young Children'. Journal of Educational Technology & Society. 19 (2): 148–63. hdl:10220/42422.
- ^Miwa, H.; Itoh, K.; Matsumoto, M.; Zecca, M.; Takariobu, H.; Roccella, S.; Carrozza, M.C.; Dario, P.; Takanishi, A. (2004). 'Effective emotional expressions with emotion expression humanoid robot WE-4RII'. 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566). 3. pp. 2203–2208. doi:10.1109/IROS.2004.1389736. ISBN978-0-7803-8463-7.
- ^Hu, Yuhan; Zhao, Zhengnan; Vimal, Abheek; Hoffman, Guy (2018). 'Soft skin texture modulation for social robotics'. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft). pp. 182–187. doi:10.1109/ROBOSOFT.2018.8404917. ISBN978-1-5386-4516-1.
- ^Kozima, Hideki; Michalowski, Marek P.; Nakagawa, Cocoro (19 November 2008). 'Keepon'. International Journal of Social Robotics. 1 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1007/s12369-008-0009-8.
- ^Casper, J.; Murphy, R.R. (June 2003). 'Human-robot interactions during the robot-assisted urban search and rescue response at the World Trade Center'. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics). 33 (3): 367–385. doi:10.1109/TSMCB.2003.811794. PMID18238185.
- ^Royakkers, Lambèr; van Est, Rinie (9 April 2015). 'A Literature Review on New Robotics: Automation from Love to War'. International Journal of Social Robotics. 7 (5): 549–570. doi:10.1007/s12369-015-0295-x.
- ^Bartneck, Christoph; Michio Okada (2001). 'Robotic User Interfaces'(PDF). Proceedings of the Human and Computer Conference. pp. 130–140.
- ^Bartneck, Christoph (February 2011). 'The end of the beginning: a reflection on the first five years of the HRI conference'. Scientometrics. 86 (2): 487–504. doi:10.1007/s11192-010-0281-x. PMC3016230. PMID21297856.
External links[edit]
- Human interaction with the robot J2B2: Algorithms, graphics, and video material
- Ulrich Hottelet: Albert is not happy – How robots learn to live with people, African Times, June 2009
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